The road to normalization: The importance of the United Arab Emirates' neoliberal foreign policy in the normalization with Israel: 2004–2020

The article discusses the question of why and how normalization between United Arab Emirates (UAE) Israel took place managed to evolve into a peace agreement. It offers an additional explanation neorealists' scholarly commonly accepted argument: that it was only behavior revisionist state Iran motive for signing agreement two states. Furthermore, argues relations began in 2004 could have materialized owing UAE's neoliberal foreign policy focusing on soft power cooperation. suggests internal interests status, stability, empowerment, which were incorporated Vision 2021 plan, translated international cooperation rather than one military involvement alliances. long-term strategy reveals dual neorealist with tendency toward latter. attracted UAE and, through these shared interests, built trust eventually led study covers three periods during development process. begins tension strategies from 2009, then looks at increase tensions 2010 2018, ends focus 2019–2020. 本文探讨了一个问题，即阿联酋和以色列之间为何以及如何出现了正常化，并且这种正常化如何成功演变为一项和平协议。本文为新现实主义者普遍认同的学术论点提供了额外的解释:只有伊朗这一修正主义国家的行为才是两国签署和平协议的动机。此外，本文认为，阿以关系的正常化始于 年，并且本可以通过阿联酋的新自由主义外交政策（聚焦于软实力合作）而得以实现。本文表明，阿联酋在2021 年愿景计划中所包含的地位、稳定性和赋权等内部利益被转化为一项聚焦于国际合作的外交政策，而不是军事介入和联盟。阿联酋的长期战略揭示了新现实主义和新自由主义双重外交政策，并倾向于后者。关于软实力合作的新自由主义外交政策将阿联酋吸引到以色列，并通过这些共同利益建立了信任，最终导致两国关系正常化。本研究涵盖了正常化进程发展过程中阿联酋外交政策战略的三个时期。本文首先研究了 年至 2009 年新自由主义和新现实主义战略之间的紧张关系，然后分析了 2018 年紧张关系的加剧，最后聚焦于 2019 2020 年的新自由主义外交政策战略。 El artículo analiza la cuestión de por qué y cómo tuvo lugar normalización entre los Emiratos Árabes Unidos e logró evolucionar hacia un acuerdo paz. Ofrece una explicación adicional al argumento erudito comúnmente aceptado neorrealistas: que fue solo el comportamiento del estado revisionista Irán motivo para firmar paz dos estados. Además, argumenta las relaciones comenzó en podría haberse materializado gracias política exterior centrarse cooperación poder blando. Sugiere intereses internos estatus, estabilidad empoderamiento EAU, se incorporaron plan Visión 2021, tradujeron internacional participación militar alianzas. La estrategia largo plazo revela neorrealista con tendencia segunda. blando atrajo y, través estos compartidos, generó confianza finalmente condujo estudio cubre tres períodos EAU durante desarrollo proceso normalización. Comienza tensión estrategias luego aumento tensiones termina enfoque 2020. In September 2020, historic known as Abraham Accords signed (henceforth UAE), Kingdom Bahrain, Israel.1 Many found accords be surprising because popular belief among scholars statesmen unlikely such agreements without solution Israeli–Palestinian conflict (Podeh, 2020; Reiter, 2008; Yaari, 2020). conclusion reached by advocates this theory is Sunni alliance, part, had aligned balance its against Iran. This assumption accompanied claim States pushed ally, UAE, (Black, 2019; Ferziger & Bahgat, Guzansky Marshall, Quamar, Rabi Mueller, 2017; Ulrichsen, 2016; Zisser, assumptions made are based that, survive, must gain or other states forming alliances (Mearsheimer, 2001; Walt, 1990). There is, however, way looking rapprochement Israel, explanation. can reduce each due their need use “soft power” economic growth, technology, culture (Alzaabi, Armitage Nye, 2007; Ketbi, 1990; 2004a; Salisbury, line this, several studies presented evidence years before Hitman Kertcher, 2018). Since there theories might explain agreed upon, questions addressed place. While receives most credit literature, paper doing so, aims our knowledge about Accords. paper's main implementation following decision-makers gradually adopted reach plan's targets. Therefore, they chose pursue alongside dominant over approximately decades. contributed building states, finally resulted decision normalize Israel. methodology analysis case archival research. According Potter (2010), individuals lead them, make execute react policies research divided stages: 1. A qualitative shift; 2. quantitative light plan; 3. shift To understand period, first stage official yearly statements UN General Assemblies method chosen argument Peterson (2006) Assembly where heads present points view world's leading problems. second policy. do uses reports government IGOs (such World Bank, Trade Organization, etc.) measure extent investment fields culture. work researchers Blanchard Lu (2012) McClory Harvey (2016). These measurements been implemented institutes, Monocle, Portland, Elcano. third examines correlation steps taken Such has many articles (e.g., Black, 2016). analyzes within strategy. period (the death founding father, Sheikh Zayed) global financial crisis). what launch withdrawal Yemen. considers Years Yemen, continues lifting sanctions placed Qatar, section explains difference relation process Mearsheimer's (2001) neorealism, “states maximize relative (p. 21) strive security survival. Each driven much possible safe attack 2001, p. 44). This, according Waltz (1979), result anarchic structure system 126). Within system, Correlates War project identifies defense pacts, nonaggression/neutrality treaties, ententes. these, Leeds adds pacts offense (Sprecher Krause, 2006, pp. 363–364). research, when referring alliances, will state-level force his discussion issue claims rely own resources, those allies, survival (1979, 218). Waltz, either themselves strong threatening or, alternatively, “bandwagon” them. He defines “bandwagoning” joining already coalition (Waltz, 1979, Walt create allies proxies aid, propaganda, political penetration (Walt, 1985, 3). often shaped theory. twentieth century, establishment Jewish state. They tried defeating battlefield times but failed, causing frustration world (Ben-Yehuda Sandler, 2002, 43–48). After losing Six-Day War, League decided adopt different approach, Khartoum Conference 1967. No's: No recognition negotiations approach try beat off measures. come, barred (as whole individuals) seeking any (Meital, 2000, 64–65). change explained some Cohen, 2008, 66; 15–16; 2020) follows: increasing hegemonic intentions region, balanced common threat power. does not provide reasonable fact existential since Islamic Revolution. Rugh (1996), considered 1980s 1990s annexation islands 1971 (pp. 58–61). new situation UAE. theory, another States, under Trump administration, (Guzansky valid explanation, role mediators importance process, contribution literature. address begun intensified after 2010. cooperating easier administration bring sides together sign debate regarding date (2003, fall Saddam Hussein, 1994, Oslo Accords), case, long (Podeh Shamir, 2017, 577–578). generations leaders came decide Jervis (1999), neoliberalism concerns capability cooperate thereby 42–63). Conflict reduced organizations, trade, democratic systems (Powell, 48). Neoliberalism focuses areas: central institutions organizations trade means more peaceful (Baylis et al., 106). cooperation, states' agencies' (business organizations) economic, technological, cultural Keohane Nye (1977) suggest policy, interdependence refers particular kind relationship emerges linked interactions both costly beneficial cited Gasiorowski, 1986, 24). Cooperation helps them build S. Lukes (2004) “power capacity outcomes” 59). (1990) concurs writes ability affect others achieve outcomes wants” 154). (2004a) power—soft terms attraction—as “the attract, attraction leads acquiescence” 6) “a key element leadership. attract [is] get want you want, frame issues, set agenda” (Nye, 2004b, 4). if find attractive enough help parallel Renshon's (2017) state's status crucial factor making. him, nation depend just strength also sway making nations. serves give leadership sense self-importance, security, advantage matters determining relating dominance relations. Leaders who govern advance standing so having attained superior (Renshon, 1–3). Applying suggested collaboration agencies occurring basis enables win–win 2019, 145–146; 9; 62–67; 391; Hauss (2001), stop seeing enemies awareness acceptance other's needs intensified; words, move Regarding Kertcher (2018) ultimately contribute chances agreements, happened 69). When transposing Arab–Israeli conflict, reject zero-sum-game prism resolution instead Palestinian erroneous conceptualization conflict. continue reconciliation active practices actors implementing theoretical sequential order take form political, short- long-term. broader concept opposed traditional used intractable conflicts, proposes moving dyad management, agreement, reconciliation. show undergoing multidyadic processes necessarily exist levels motivations ongoing time. wider narrow being post-peace (Hitman 53–54, 68–69). backing examining closest influential Saudi Arabia (Ziadah, 1–2). Arabia, Mohammed Bin Salman, started normalizing 2030 oil-based economy knowledge-based (Jamilah 1). influence strengthen played important maintaining investing Arab-Muslim source tension. premise supported analyses performed speeches UN, annual reports, Zayed November turning point history father sought avoid direct conflicts Also, firm believer no until problem solved Hunte, 2003; Sheikh, heirs, Khalifa Al Nahyan Nahyan, became rulers replaced ministers, ambassadors, high-ranking officials (President okays cabinet, 2006; Embassy Washington D.C., 2021). affected completely controlled 2020), consequently heirs re-examining previous An although growing hard continued even emphasis strengthening topics, embracing diplomatic measures end conflicts. included calling intervention matter occupied (Al Khalifa, Bongo Ondimba Perrson, 2005; Ping, 2004). humanitarian causes (Brockmann, Kerim, 2007). Muslim circle seen solve issues Iranian occupation islands, fight terrorism, stability Iraq, “Israeli occupation” (Hunte, 2005 2006 given representatives, speech Minister Information Culture Foreign Affairs (Bongo 2005). Affairs, Abdullah 2006), reflects structure. appointment officials, 2007 2008 focused mainly aid human rights less regional takes speech, us next minister touches upon contributions brings back crises (Treki, 2009). conclude, characterized greater should, noted accentuated Following great trying foster elements culture, while still did rank highly elements, constant growth all parameters. As Appendix A, imports grew US$19.7 billion US$37.4 billion, US$1.1 US$10 billion. improved ranking ease business 68 33 number tourists 1.5 million 7.3 2009. clearly attention paid investments power, helped investment, tourism countries. connections beginning Although approaches, Israel—but secret measured manner. above, candidate despite enmity expressed technology. Due various American politics US diplomacy failed win contract would allowed Dubai Port (DP World) manage six ports. major blow fearful aspects support subsequently seek bid permanently host UN's International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). reaching out lobby declaring “all” members (including Israel) welcome participate fully IRENA hosted (Neubauer, 2017). During years, believed bilateral exceeded US$1 2017) initiatives surface. Israeli businessman Yitzhak Tshuva Plaza Hotel Beny Steinmetz areas energy hotels (Zaga, Technological field deal involving Israeli-built Eros B satellites (Gilani, Another Abu Dhabi's Critical National Infrastructure Authority US$816 AGT International, Geneva-based company owned Mati Kochavi, supply surveillance equipment critical infrastructure projects oil gas (Ulrichsen, put (yet less) aforementioned approaches exist, stronger done clandestine attempt brought closer especially lacked, links formed Between contrast increased approaches. heavily complicated playing part Despite Two events period. First, crisis (Khamis 2010), Dhabi rescued severe collapse, Dubai, ties Iran, weaker federal decision-maker (Almezaini, 2012). Second, 2010, officially launched (UAE Government, 2020a, 2020b), moved becoming (Akbarzadeh, Nurunnabi, Parcero Ryan, rise Spring later terror region (Regab, Muslim-Arab now chaos. play fence invest strategies. Throughout reiterated development, climate change, reformation financial, (Al-Nasser, 2011; Ashe, 2013; Deiss, 2010; Jeremić, 2012; Kutesa, 2014; Lykketoft, 2015; Treki 2010). line, yet added hinted Abrahamic religions, technology (especially artificial intelligence space), eco